章节 诗歌的细节和结构

诗歌的细节和结构

当你使用“这只苹果”(the apple)或“这只桃”(the peach)这一类词语时,你正在指向一种物。不是特殊的物,而是视觉的物。与这一类词相比,“水果”一词只是信息化的,读者可以理解,但从中不会产生特定的意象。

如果你去掉定冠词“the”,单独使用“苹果”或“桃”这两个词——你就偏离了特定的方向,走向了抽象。读者能将“这只苹果”或“一个苹果”视觉化,但“苹果”指的是任意一些或全部苹果——它不是一种事物。它是不可见的,它从想象的现实领域消失了。世界充满了感性的细节。诗歌需要这种感性的细节。

当你写道,“树上最后的苹果”,或者“粉红如黎明一般的小桃”,你就开始处理细节了——即培育质地。

此时适合读一读伊丽莎白·毕肖普的诗《鱼》(The Fish)。这首诗包含了隐喻和明喻,后面我们会讨论。这首诗也具备质地——诗人为读者提供了与鱼相关的丰富细节,这种质地对这首诗而言至关重要,对所有的诗歌而言都至关重要。它使这首诗成为一种体验之物,比单纯的陈述表达了更多的内涵。

The Fish

—Elizabeth Bishop

I caught a tremendous fish

and held him beside the boat

half out of water, with my hook

fast in a corner of his mouth.

He didn’t fight.

He hadn’t fought at all.

He hung a grunting weight,

battered and venerable

and homely. Here and there

his brown skin hung in strips

like ancient wallpaper,

and its pattern of darker brown

was like wallpaper:

shapes like full-blown roses

stained and lost through age.

He was speckled with barnacles,

fine rosettes of lime,

and infested

with tiny white sea-lice,

and underneath two or three

rags of green weed hung down.

While his gills were breathing in

the terrible oxygen

—the frightening gills,

fresh and crisp with blood,

that can cut so badly—

I thought of the coarse white flesh

packed in like feathers,

the big bones and the little bones,

the dramatic reds and blacks

of his shiny entrails,

and the pink swim-bladder

like a big peony.

I looked into his eyes

which were far larger than mine

but shallower, and yellowed,

the irises backed and packed

with tarnished tinfoil

seen through the lenses

of old scratched isinglass.

They shifted a little, but not

to return my stare.

—It was more like the tipping

of an object toward the light.

I admired his sullen face,

the mechanism of his jaw,

and then I saw

that from his lower lip

—if you could call it a lip—

grim, wet, and weaponlike,

hung five old pieces of fish-line,

or four and a wire leader

with the swivel still attached,

with all their five big hooks

grown firmly in his mouth.

A green line, frayed at the end

where he broke it, two heavier lines,

and a fine black thread

still crimped from the strain and snap

when it broke and he got away

Like medals with their ribbons

frayed and wavering,

a five-haired beard of wisdom

trailing from his aching jaw.

I stared and stared

and victory filled up

the little rented boat,

from the pool of bilge

where oil had spread a rainbow

around the rusted engine

to the bailer rusted orange,

the sun-cracked thwarts,

the oarlocks on their strings,

the gunnels–until everything

was rainbow, rainbow, rainbow!

And I let the fish go.

——伊丽莎白·毕肖普

我钓到了一条极大的鱼,

将他拖到船边,

半露出水面,我的鱼钩

扎在他的嘴角。

他没有反抗,

他完全没有反抗。

他喘息着,挂在绳端,

疲惫,庄严,

模样普通。他棕色的皮

撕开了几条,

像古老的壁纸,

深棕色的图案

也像壁纸:

形如盛放的玫瑰,

被岁月磨蚀,玷污了。

他身上点缀着藤壶,

精致的石灰玫瑰花结,

寄生着

白色的小海虱,

还有两三根

绿色的水草。

他的鳃正在吸入

可怕的氧,

——惊恐的鱼鳃,

充血后变得新鲜,硬脆,

可以被狠狠地切开——

我想到了羽毛般堆积的

粗糙白肉,

大骨和小骨,

闪亮的内脏

激动人心的红与黑,

粉色的膀胱

像一朵巨大的牡丹。

我凝视着他的眼睛,

比我的更大,

颜色更浅,已经发黄,

透过被磨损的旧云母的

棱镜,可以看到

污秽锡箔

包裹着的虹膜。

它们转动了一下,但没有

回应我的注视。

——更像一种物体

对光的轻微抵触。

我欣赏他阴沉的脸,

他下巴的构造,

接着我看见了

他冷酷,潮湿,武器似的

下唇

——如果可以称其为嘴唇——

挂着五根鱼线,

也可以说是四根,外加一根

仍然连着转轴的导线,

五个大鱼钩

牢牢地长在他的嘴里。

一根绿色的线,被咬断的线头

磨旧了,两条更重的线,

和一根精致的黑线,

线头弯曲,一定是他

逃跑时用力拉扯所致。

如同奖牌上的绶带,

五根智慧的胡须,

磨旧了,摇荡着,

拖曳在他疼痛的下巴。

我看着,看着,

胜利充满

这租来的小船舱。

舱底的水池中,

机油扩散成一道彩虹,

环绕着生锈的引擎,

又延伸至生锈的橙色水勺,

太阳晒裂的横板,

绳子上的浆架,

船舷——直到所有的事物

都变成了彩虹,彩虹,彩虹!

我放走了这条鱼。

在一首比《夜莺颂》要简单得多的诗歌中,济慈不是也记录了夜莺的歌以及他对它的思考?但我们没有感受到这首诗的质地——质地包括氛围、特别的细节,只有在这种氛围和细节中我们才能感受到济慈的邀请,与他一起坐在花园中,倾听田野上萦绕的歌声,它的美妙与悲哀,以及由此激发的一切。

我不知道在诗歌中还有哪个问题比质地更重要。质地的好坏取决于一些因素,取决于诗歌的步调,也取决于你有多能干。惠特曼,在单独一行诗中,就能将读者完全带入诗歌之中:

在尖峰似的农屋之上,在排水沟扇形的浮渣以及纤细的幼苗之上……

——瓦尔特·惠特曼,《自我之歌》(Song of Myself,33节)

或者:

阶梯,为定罪判刑的杀人犯而备,那面孔憔悴胳膊被缚的杀人犯……

——瓦尔特·惠特曼,《阔斧之歌》(Song of the Broad Axe,10节)

是的,它所需不多,但它需要一只确信的眼睛,一只能干的手,永恒地注视并写下这些细节。阅读斯坦利·库利兹(Stanley Kunitz)的诗《圆》(The Round)时,我可以想象诗人正俯身靠近再靠近花丛,他不仅看见了光流过蜜蜂,而且看见了:

从尖尖的蓝色婆婆纳倾泻而下,

光流进小溪,

流过蜜蜂的背……

诗人不仅要创作诗歌,还必须热情细致地审视这个世界,审视他视之为主题的、世界的任何一部分。一首诗假如是贫乏的,很有可能是因为诗人在花丛中站得不够久——不能用新颖的、激动人心的、生动的方式去看它们,而非因为他对词语的掌握不够。

当你使用“这只苹果”(the apple)或“这只桃”(the peach)这一类词语时,你正在指向一种物。不是特殊的物,而是视觉的物。与这一类词相比,“水果”一词只是信息化的,读者可以理解,但从中不会产生特定的意象。

如果你去掉定冠词“the”,单独使用“苹果”或“桃”这两个词——你就偏离了特定的方向,走向了抽象。读者能将“这只苹果”或“一个苹果”视觉化,但“苹果”指的是任意一些或全部苹果——它不是一种事物。它是不可见的,它从想象的现实领域消失了。世界充满了感性的细节。诗歌需要这种感性的细节。

当你写道,“树上最后的苹果”,或者“粉红如黎明一般的小桃”,你就开始处理细节了——即培育质地。

此时适合读一读伊丽莎白·毕肖普的诗《鱼》(The Fish)。这首诗包含了隐喻和明喻,后面我们会讨论。这首诗也具备质地——诗人为读者提供了与鱼相关的丰富细节,这种质地对这首诗而言至关重要,对所有的诗歌而言都至关重要。它使这首诗成为一种体验之物,比单纯的陈述表达了更多的内涵。

The Fish

—Elizabeth Bishop

I caught a tremendous fish

and held him beside the boat

half out of water, with my hook

fast in a corner of his mouth.

He didn’t fight.

He hadn’t fought at all.

He hung a grunting weight,

battered and venerable

and homely. Here and there

his brown skin hung in strips

like ancient wallpaper,

and its pattern of darker brown

was like wallpaper:

shapes like full-blown roses

stained and lost through age.

He was speckled with barnacles,

fine rosettes of lime,

and infested

with tiny white sea-lice,

and underneath two or three

rags of green weed hung down.

While his gills were breathing in

the terrible oxygen

—the frightening gills,

fresh and crisp with blood,

that can cut so badly—

I thought of the coarse white flesh

packed in like feathers,

the big bones and the little bones,

the dramatic reds and blacks

of his shiny entrails,

and the pink swim-bladder

like a big peony.

I looked into his eyes

which were far larger than mine

but shallower, and yellowed,

the irises backed and packed

with tarnished tinfoil

seen through the lenses

of old scratched isinglass.

They shifted a little, but not

to return my stare.

—It was more like the tipping

of an object toward the light.

I admired his sullen face,

the mechanism of his jaw,

and then I saw

that from his lower lip

—if you could call it a lip—

grim, wet, and weaponlike,

hung five old pieces of fish-line,

or four and a wire leader

with the swivel still attached,

with all their five big hooks

grown firmly in his mouth.

A green line, frayed at the end

where he broke it, two heavier lines,

and a fine black thread

still crimped from the strain and snap

when it broke and he got away

Like medals with their ribbons

frayed and wavering,

a five-haired beard of wisdom

trailing from his aching jaw.

I stared and stared

and victory filled up

the little rented boat,

from the pool of bilge

where oil had spread a rainbow

around the rusted engine

to the bailer rusted orange,

the sun-cracked thwarts,

the oarlocks on their strings,

the gunnels–until everything

was rainbow, rainbow, rainbow!

And I let the fish go.

——伊丽莎白·毕肖普

我钓到了一条极大的鱼,

将他拖到船边,

半露出水面,我的鱼钩

扎在他的嘴角。

他没有反抗,

他完全没有反抗。

他喘息着,挂在绳端,

疲惫,庄严,

模样普通。他棕色的皮

撕开了几条,

像古老的壁纸,

深棕色的图案

也像壁纸:

形如盛放的玫瑰,

被岁月磨蚀,玷污了。

他身上点缀着藤壶,

精致的石灰玫瑰花结,

寄生着

白色的小海虱,

还有两三根

绿色的水草。

他的鳃正在吸入

可怕的氧,

——惊恐的鱼鳃,

充血后变得新鲜,硬脆,

可以被狠狠地切开——

我想到了羽毛般堆积的

粗糙白肉,

大骨和小骨,

闪亮的内脏

激动人心的红与黑,

粉色的膀胱

像一朵巨大的牡丹。

我凝视着他的眼睛,

比我的更大,

颜色更浅,已经发黄,

透过被磨损的旧云母的

棱镜,可以看到

污秽锡箔

包裹着的虹膜。

它们转动了一下,但没有

回应我的注视。

——更像一种物体

对光的轻微抵触。

我欣赏他阴沉的脸,

他下巴的构造,

接着我看见了

他冷酷,潮湿,武器似的

下唇

——如果可以称其为嘴唇——

挂着五根鱼线,

也可以说是四根,外加一根

仍然连着转轴的导线,

五个大鱼钩

牢牢地长在他的嘴里。

一根绿色的线,被咬断的线头

磨旧了,两条更重的线,

和一根精致的黑线,

线头弯曲,一定是他

逃跑时用力拉扯所致。

如同奖牌上的绶带,

五根智慧的胡须,

磨旧了,摇荡着,

拖曳在他疼痛的下巴。

我看着,看着,

胜利充满

这租来的小船舱。

舱底的水池中,

机油扩散成一道彩虹,

环绕着生锈的引擎,

又延伸至生锈的橙色水勺,

太阳晒裂的横板,

绳子上的浆架,

船舷——直到所有的事物

都变成了彩虹,彩虹,彩虹!

我放走了这条鱼。

在一首比《夜莺颂》要简单得多的诗歌中,济慈不是也记录了夜莺的歌以及他对它的思考?但我们没有感受到这首诗的质地——质地包括氛围、特别的细节,只有在这种氛围和细节中我们才能感受到济慈的邀请,与他一起坐在花园中,倾听田野上萦绕的歌声,它的美妙与悲哀,以及由此激发的一切。

我不知道在诗歌中还有哪个问题比质地更重要。质地的好坏取决于一些因素,取决于诗歌的步调,也取决于你有多能干。惠特曼,在单独一行诗中,就能将读者完全带入诗歌之中:

在尖峰似的农屋之上,在排水沟扇形的浮渣以及纤细的幼苗之上……

——瓦尔特·惠特曼,《自我之歌》(Song of Myself,33节)

或者:

阶梯,为定罪判刑的杀人犯而备,那面孔憔悴胳膊被缚的杀人犯……

——瓦尔特·惠特曼,《阔斧之歌》(Song of the Broad Axe,10节)

是的,它所需不多,但它需要一只确信的眼睛,一只能干的手,永恒地注视并写下这些细节。阅读斯坦利·库利兹(Stanley Kunitz)的诗《圆》(The Round)时,我可以想象诗人正俯身靠近再靠近花丛,他不仅看见了光流过蜜蜂,而且看见了:

从尖尖的蓝色婆婆纳倾泻而下,

光流进小溪,

流过蜜蜂的背……

诗人不仅要创作诗歌,还必须热情细致地审视这个世界,审视他视之为主题的、世界的任何一部分。一首诗假如是贫乏的,很有可能是因为诗人在花丛中站得不够久——不能用新颖的、激动人心的、生动的方式去看它们,而非因为他对词语的掌握不够。